The Ribbands Scale-Confinement Hypothesis

Main Article Content

David W Ribbands

Abstract

I investigate a speculative correspondence between colour confinement in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), causal confinement by gravitational horizons, and possible hierarchies of cosmological domains. I distinguish geometric photon capture from spectral absorption and derive scaling constraints for a proposed boundary-response recurrence. For Schwarzschild black holes, the high-frequency capture cross-section is σ_geo = 27πG²M²/c4 = (27/4)πr_s², while the gravitational compactness C = 2GM/(Rc²) is invariant under a length rescaling R → ΛR only when mass scales as M → ΛM (holding G and c fixed). I formulate a dimensionless spectral-response ansatz and a discrete-scale recurrence, then test its limits against the enormous difference between proton and black-hole compactness. I show that neither geometric scaling nor the formal similarity between critical cosmological density and a Schwarzschild mass-radius relation establishes that hadrons are miniature black holes or that the observable universe is a nucleus. A nested-domain extension is identified as an unconstructed gravitational model requiring junction conditions, stable dynamics, and discriminating observations. The contribution is an explicit, falsifiable research programme, not a demonstrated unification.

Article Details

Ribbands, D. W. (2026). The Ribbands Scale-Confinement Hypothesis. International Journal of Physics Research and Applications, 357–364. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ijpra.1001170
Research Articles

Copyright (c) 2026 Ribbands DW.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Gross DJ, Wilczek F. Ultraviolet behavior of non-Abelian gauge theories. Phys Rev Lett. 1973;30(26):1343-6. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343

Wilson KG. Confinement of quarks. Phys Rev D. 1974;10(8):2445-59. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.10.2445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.10.2445

Sanchez N. Absorption and emission spectra of a Schwarzschild black hole. Phys Rev D. 1978;18(4):1030-6. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.18.1030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.18.1030

Page DN. Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole. Phys Rev D. 1976;13(2):198-206. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198

Sornette D. Discrete-scale invariance and complex dimensions. Phys Rep. 1998;297(5-6):239-70. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(97)00076-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(97)00076-8

Ashtekar A, Pawlowski T, Singh P. Quantum nature of the Big Bang. Phys Rev Lett. 2006;96(14):141301. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.141301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.141301

Haggard HM, Rovelli C. Quantum-gravity effects outside the horizon spark black to white hole tunneling. Phys Rev D. 2015;92(10):104020. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.104020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.104020

Bekenstein JD. Black holes and entropy. Phys Rev D. 1973;7(8):2333-46. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2333

Hawking SW. Particle creation by black holes. Commun Math Phys. 1975;43(3):199-220. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02345020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02345020

Smolin L. Did the universe evolve? Class Quantum Grav. 1992;9(1):173-91. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/9/1/016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/9/1/016